The Kaggle — Global Daily Weather Dataset provides detailed weather information for capital cities worldwide, offering over 40 parameters such as temperature, wind, humidity, air quality, and celestial data.
By summarizing nearly 98,604 records, we uncover how the Earth’s daily climate fluctuates across regions and what these numbers tell us about our changing environment.
Descriptive Overview
| Parameter | Mean / Median Insight | Observations |
|---|---|---|
| Latitude / Longitude | Avg latitude ≈ 19.1°N, longitude ≈ 22.1°E | Data covers global locations across both hemispheres. |
| Temperature (°C) | Mean = 22.8°C, Range = −24.9°C → 49.2°C | Global diversity, from polar chill to desert extremes. |
| Feels-like Temp (°C) | Mean = 23.8°C | Generally warmer than actual due to humidity and wind. |
| Humidity (%) | Mean = 64% | Reflects balanced global moisture, with peaks above 80%. |
| Cloud Cover (%) | Avg = 39% | Suggests partly cloudy global average conditions. |
| Wind Speed (kph) | Avg = 13.2 kph | Most cities experience mild to moderate winds. |
| Pressure (mb) | Avg = 1014 mb | Stable global atmospheric pressure; anomalies > 3000 mb likely errors/outliers. |
| Precipitation (mm) | Median = 0.0 mm | The majority of capital cities experience low daily rainfall. |
| Visibility (km) | Mean = 9.6 km | Clear atmospheric visibility dominates most regions. |
| UV Index | Mean = 3.86 | Moderate global UV exposure — peaks up to 16 in equatorial regions. |
Air Quality Metrics
Air composition indicators show stark variability, a reminder that clean air is a privilege unevenly shared.
| Pollutant | Mean | Notable Observations |
|---|---|---|
| CO (Carbon Monoxide) | 515 µg/m³ | Some extreme outliers (e.g., >38,000) suggest industrial spikes. |
| O₃ (Ozone) | 62 µg/m³ | Healthy tropospheric presence, though peaks above 480 indicate smog events. |
| NO₂ (Nitrogen Dioxide) | 15.8 µg/m³ | Traffic-heavy urban centers are likely the main contributors. |
| SO₂ (Sulphur Dioxide) | 11 µg/m³ | Negative values are likely sensor errors; positive extremes indicate power plant zones. |
| PM2.5 / PM10 | PM2.5 = 26 µg/m³; PM10 = 53 µg/m³ | Many capitals exceed WHO safe thresholds (10 and 20 µg/m³, respectively). |
| EPA & DEFRA Indexes | 1.75 / 2.75 | Reflect generally “Good–Moderate” air quality globally. |
Celestial Data
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Moon Illumination: Avg = 50%, dataset likely spans multiple lunar cycles, useful for astro-climate correlation studies.
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Sunrise & Sunset (not numeric) can be leveraged to study day-length patterns and solar exposure differences across latitudes.
Key Insights
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Global Temperatures Trending Warm:
With an average of 22.8°C, capital cities reflect a warmer-than-normal mean compared to long-term climatological averages (~15°C global mean), suggesting intensified urban heat patterns. -
Low Precipitation Frequency:
The predominance of zeros in rainfall data indicates that most capitals experience dry daily conditions, especially those in arid and subtropical zones. -
Air Quality Challenges Persist:
Although mean values indicate moderate air purity, outliers in CO, SO₂, and particulate matter highlight industrial or traffic pollution hotspots. -
Balanced Cloud and Visibility Metrics:
Around 40% of average cloud cover and 10 km visibility reveal stable sky clarity — suitable for solar energy modeling and aviation analytics.
Applications and Policy Relevance
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Climate Analysis: Enables detection of long-term warming and humidity trends.
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Air Quality Monitoring: Useful for environmental health studies and carbon emission management.
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Urban Planning: Supports infrastructure and sustainability strategies in capital cities.
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Renewable Energy Modeling: Provides key solar and wind parameters for clean energy simulations.
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Tourism and Safety: Data-driven insights can inform travel advisories, UV exposure, and weather preparedness.
Acknowledgment
Dataset Source: Kaggle — Global Daily Weather Data (2023–2024)
Analysis & Visualization: Climate and Environmental Analytics Unit, DatalytIQs Academy (2025)
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